Multiplying N x N matrices using Diagonal storage
This question is a part of my research. I am trying to multiply two N X N matrices which are stored diagonally. I implemented the following algorithm for this purpose which is working correctly but the problem is it is taking way too much time. For example, To multiply 1000 x 1000 matrices, it is taking almost 26 minutes. I am giving an small example for better understanding of what I am trying to accomplish.
Matrix A = [ 1 2
3 4
],
Matrix B =[ 5 6
7 8],
diagArrayA= [1 4 2 3] (Elements stored diagonally in the order main diagonal - super diagonal -sub diagonal),
diagArrayB = [5 8 6 7] (Same as above),
Result = A X B = [ 19 50 22 43] (Correct output)
The code for multiply function follows: (The problem seems to be in this function). I will appreciate any comment on the problem/code.
void multiplyDiag(vector <float> diagArrayA, vector <float> diagArrayB){
cout << "function called " << endl;
//please declare as array
// float *a=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,-1),0,0);
// cout << "Value : " << a[0];
vector <float> result;
result.resize(n*n);
float total_time=0.0;
// const int sum=n*(n+1)/2;
for(int k=0; k<=n-1;k++)
{ //1
int start_index=k*n-k*(k-1)/2;
//cout << start_index;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++){ //2
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,k-i),0,k);
// cout << diag_a1[0] <<endl;
vector <float> diag_b1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,i),0,0);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-i;
// length1=length1-0-0;
//cout << length1;
float start1=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //3
//cout << "OK";
result[start_index+i-k+j]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //3
float end1=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end1-start1);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,k-i), k, 0);
// cout << diag_b2[0];
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start2=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //4
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
// cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //4
float end2=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end2-start2);
} //2
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //5
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, k-i);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, k-i), i, 0);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start3=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //6
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
//cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //6
float end3=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end3-start3);
} //5
}//1
// computing sub diagonal
for(int k=1; k<=n-1; k++)
{ //7
int start_index=n*(n+1)/2+(k-1)*n-k*(k-1)/2;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++)
{ //8
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b1= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, k);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-(i-k);
// length1=length1-k;
float start4=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++){ //9
result[start_index+i+j-k]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //9
float end4=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end4-start4);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i-k), k, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,-i), 0, 0);
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start5=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //10
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
}//10
float end5=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end5-start5);
} //8
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //11
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), k-i, 0);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, i);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start6=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //12
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
} //12
float end6=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end6-start6);
} //11
} //7
cout << "time :" << (total_time) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC*1000 <<endl;
for(int x=0; x<n*n; x++){
cout << result[x] << endl;
}
}
c++
New contributor
add a comment |
This question is a part of my research. I am trying to multiply two N X N matrices which are stored diagonally. I implemented the following algorithm for this purpose which is working correctly but the problem is it is taking way too much time. For example, To multiply 1000 x 1000 matrices, it is taking almost 26 minutes. I am giving an small example for better understanding of what I am trying to accomplish.
Matrix A = [ 1 2
3 4
],
Matrix B =[ 5 6
7 8],
diagArrayA= [1 4 2 3] (Elements stored diagonally in the order main diagonal - super diagonal -sub diagonal),
diagArrayB = [5 8 6 7] (Same as above),
Result = A X B = [ 19 50 22 43] (Correct output)
The code for multiply function follows: (The problem seems to be in this function). I will appreciate any comment on the problem/code.
void multiplyDiag(vector <float> diagArrayA, vector <float> diagArrayB){
cout << "function called " << endl;
//please declare as array
// float *a=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,-1),0,0);
// cout << "Value : " << a[0];
vector <float> result;
result.resize(n*n);
float total_time=0.0;
// const int sum=n*(n+1)/2;
for(int k=0; k<=n-1;k++)
{ //1
int start_index=k*n-k*(k-1)/2;
//cout << start_index;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++){ //2
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,k-i),0,k);
// cout << diag_a1[0] <<endl;
vector <float> diag_b1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,i),0,0);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-i;
// length1=length1-0-0;
//cout << length1;
float start1=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //3
//cout << "OK";
result[start_index+i-k+j]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //3
float end1=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end1-start1);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,k-i), k, 0);
// cout << diag_b2[0];
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start2=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //4
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
// cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //4
float end2=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end2-start2);
} //2
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //5
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, k-i);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, k-i), i, 0);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start3=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //6
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
//cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //6
float end3=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end3-start3);
} //5
}//1
// computing sub diagonal
for(int k=1; k<=n-1; k++)
{ //7
int start_index=n*(n+1)/2+(k-1)*n-k*(k-1)/2;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++)
{ //8
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b1= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, k);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-(i-k);
// length1=length1-k;
float start4=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++){ //9
result[start_index+i+j-k]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //9
float end4=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end4-start4);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i-k), k, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,-i), 0, 0);
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start5=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //10
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
}//10
float end5=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end5-start5);
} //8
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //11
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), k-i, 0);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, i);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start6=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //12
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
} //12
float end6=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end6-start6);
} //11
} //7
cout << "time :" << (total_time) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC*1000 <<endl;
for(int x=0; x<n*n; x++){
cout << result[x] << endl;
}
}
c++
New contributor
add a comment |
This question is a part of my research. I am trying to multiply two N X N matrices which are stored diagonally. I implemented the following algorithm for this purpose which is working correctly but the problem is it is taking way too much time. For example, To multiply 1000 x 1000 matrices, it is taking almost 26 minutes. I am giving an small example for better understanding of what I am trying to accomplish.
Matrix A = [ 1 2
3 4
],
Matrix B =[ 5 6
7 8],
diagArrayA= [1 4 2 3] (Elements stored diagonally in the order main diagonal - super diagonal -sub diagonal),
diagArrayB = [5 8 6 7] (Same as above),
Result = A X B = [ 19 50 22 43] (Correct output)
The code for multiply function follows: (The problem seems to be in this function). I will appreciate any comment on the problem/code.
void multiplyDiag(vector <float> diagArrayA, vector <float> diagArrayB){
cout << "function called " << endl;
//please declare as array
// float *a=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,-1),0,0);
// cout << "Value : " << a[0];
vector <float> result;
result.resize(n*n);
float total_time=0.0;
// const int sum=n*(n+1)/2;
for(int k=0; k<=n-1;k++)
{ //1
int start_index=k*n-k*(k-1)/2;
//cout << start_index;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++){ //2
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,k-i),0,k);
// cout << diag_a1[0] <<endl;
vector <float> diag_b1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,i),0,0);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-i;
// length1=length1-0-0;
//cout << length1;
float start1=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //3
//cout << "OK";
result[start_index+i-k+j]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //3
float end1=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end1-start1);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,k-i), k, 0);
// cout << diag_b2[0];
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start2=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //4
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
// cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //4
float end2=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end2-start2);
} //2
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //5
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, k-i);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, k-i), i, 0);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start3=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //6
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
//cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //6
float end3=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end3-start3);
} //5
}//1
// computing sub diagonal
for(int k=1; k<=n-1; k++)
{ //7
int start_index=n*(n+1)/2+(k-1)*n-k*(k-1)/2;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++)
{ //8
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b1= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, k);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-(i-k);
// length1=length1-k;
float start4=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++){ //9
result[start_index+i+j-k]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //9
float end4=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end4-start4);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i-k), k, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,-i), 0, 0);
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start5=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //10
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
}//10
float end5=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end5-start5);
} //8
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //11
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), k-i, 0);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, i);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start6=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //12
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
} //12
float end6=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end6-start6);
} //11
} //7
cout << "time :" << (total_time) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC*1000 <<endl;
for(int x=0; x<n*n; x++){
cout << result[x] << endl;
}
}
c++
New contributor
This question is a part of my research. I am trying to multiply two N X N matrices which are stored diagonally. I implemented the following algorithm for this purpose which is working correctly but the problem is it is taking way too much time. For example, To multiply 1000 x 1000 matrices, it is taking almost 26 minutes. I am giving an small example for better understanding of what I am trying to accomplish.
Matrix A = [ 1 2
3 4
],
Matrix B =[ 5 6
7 8],
diagArrayA= [1 4 2 3] (Elements stored diagonally in the order main diagonal - super diagonal -sub diagonal),
diagArrayB = [5 8 6 7] (Same as above),
Result = A X B = [ 19 50 22 43] (Correct output)
The code for multiply function follows: (The problem seems to be in this function). I will appreciate any comment on the problem/code.
void multiplyDiag(vector <float> diagArrayA, vector <float> diagArrayB){
cout << "function called " << endl;
//please declare as array
// float *a=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,-1),0,0);
// cout << "Value : " << a[0];
vector <float> result;
result.resize(n*n);
float total_time=0.0;
// const int sum=n*(n+1)/2;
for(int k=0; k<=n-1;k++)
{ //1
int start_index=k*n-k*(k-1)/2;
//cout << start_index;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++){ //2
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA,k-i),0,k);
// cout << diag_a1[0] <<endl;
vector <float> diag_b1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,i),0,0);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-i;
// length1=length1-0-0;
//cout << length1;
float start1=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //3
//cout << "OK";
result[start_index+i-k+j]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //3
float end1=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end1-start1);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,k-i), k, 0);
// cout << diag_b2[0];
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start2=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //4
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
// cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //4
float end2=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end2-start2);
} //2
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //5
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i), 0, k-i);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, k-i), i, 0);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start3=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //6
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
//cout<< multiply_result[start_index+j] << endl;
} //6
float end3=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end3-start3);
} //5
}//1
// computing sub diagonal
for(int k=1; k<=n-1; k++)
{ //7
int start_index=n*(n+1)/2+(k-1)*n-k*(k-1)/2;
// int stop_index=start_index+n-k-1;
for(int i=k+1; i<=n-1; i++)
{ //8
vector <float> diag_a1=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), 0, 0);
vector <float> diag_b1= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, k);
int length1=diag_b1.size();
// int length1=n-(i-k);
// length1=length1-k;
float start4=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++){ //9
result[start_index+i+j-k]+=diag_a1[j]*diag_b1[j];
} //9
float end4=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end4-start4);
vector <float> diag_a2=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, i-k), k, 0);
vector <float> diag_b2= cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB,-i), 0, 0);
// int length2=diag_a2.size();
float start5=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length1-1;j++)
{ //10
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a2[j]*diag_b2[j];
}//10
float end5=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end5-start5);
} //8
for(int i=0; i<=k; i++)
{ //11
vector <float> diag_a3=cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayA, -i), k-i, 0);
vector <float> diag_b3 = cutDiagElement(getArray(diagArrayB, i-k), 0, i);
int length3=diag_a3.size();
// int length3=n-i;
// length3=length3-(k-i);
float start6=clock();
for(int j=0; j<=length3-1;j++){ //12
result[start_index+j]+=diag_a3[j]*diag_b3[j];
} //12
float end6=clock();
total_time=total_time+(end6-start6);
} //11
} //7
cout << "time :" << (total_time) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC*1000 <<endl;
for(int x=0; x<n*n; x++){
cout << result[x] << endl;
}
}
c++
c++
New contributor
New contributor
edited 1 min ago
1201ProgramAlarm
3,0502823
3,0502823
New contributor
asked 11 mins ago
Mahmud SakibMahmud Sakib
1
1
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |
add a comment |
0
active
oldest
votes
Your Answer
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["\$", "\$"]]);
});
});
}, "mathjax-editing");
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function () {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function () {
StackExchange.snippets.init();
});
});
}, "code-snippets");
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "196"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Mahmud Sakib is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fcodereview.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f211402%2fmultiplying-n-x-n-matrices-using-diagonal-storage%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
0
active
oldest
votes
0
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
Mahmud Sakib is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Mahmud Sakib is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Mahmud Sakib is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Mahmud Sakib is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Thanks for contributing an answer to Code Review Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fcodereview.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f211402%2fmultiplying-n-x-n-matrices-using-diagonal-storage%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown